The CKD prediction tool for HIV patients is designed to assess the risk of chronic kidney disease over the next five years based on several key health parameters. Each parameter is assigned a score according to a predefined scale, with the total score determining the risk level.

The following parameters are considered:

- Age: The scoring varies based on the age bracket:
  - 19-39 years: 0 points
  - 40-49 years: 2 points
  - 50-59 years: 4 points
  - 60-90 years: 6 points
- Glucose levels greater than 140 mg/dL:
  - Yes: 2 points
  - No: 0 points
- Systolic blood pressure greater than 140 mmHg:
  - Yes: 1 point
  - No: 0 points
- Hypertension:
  - Yes: 2 points
  - No: 0 points
- Triglycerides levels greater than 200 mg/dL:
  - Yes: 1 point
  - No: 0 points
- Proteinuria:
  - Yes: 2 points
  - No: 0 points
- CD4⁺ count less than 200 cells/mcL:
  - Yes: 1 point
  - No: 0 points

The user's responses are translated into a score by adding the points corresponding to each chosen option. The total score defines the CKD risk level, with each score correlating to a specific percentage risk for those using tenofovir and those who are not.

Interpretation based on the total score:

- A score of 0 indicates a risk of 1.4% for tenofovir users and 0.5% for non-users.
- A score of 1 suggests a 2.2% risk with tenofovir use and 0.3% without.
- With a score of 2, the risk rises to 3.6% with tenofovir and 1.5% without.
- A score of 3 indicates a 5.3% risk for users, 1.9% for non-users.
- Scoring 4 means a 7.6% risk with tenofovir, 2.7% without.
- A score of 5 corresponds to 8.6% risk for users and 4.1% for non-users.
- With a score of 6, the risk is 10.9% with tenofovir and 5.1% without.
- A score of 7 correlates to a 13.1% risk with tenofovir, 8.7% without.
- Scoring 8 translates to a 19.4% risk for tenofovir users, 11.0% for non-users.
- Scores ranging from 9 to 15 suggest the highest risk level: 21.4% with tenofovir and 16.4% for non-users.

This comprehensive scoring system provides users with insights into their potential CKD risk based on their health status, enabling informed decisions regarding medical care and preventive measures.

The Prediction of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Risk in HIV-Positive Patients is a clinical tool designed to estimate the likelihood of developing CKD within a five-year period among HIV-positive individuals. The tool is particularly useful in guiding therapeutic decisions, especially concerning the use of tenofovir, a medication associated with kidney toxicity.

The primary components of the calculator include age, glucose levels, systolic blood pressure, presence of hypertension, triglyceride levels, presence of proteinuria, and CD4+ cell count. Each of these factors is assigned a specific value, which are then summed to generate a total score. The score corresponds to a specific risk percentage for developing CKD, with separate percentages provided for tenofovir users and non-users.

For instance, an individual aged between 60 and 90 years, with glucose levels above 140 mg/dL, systolic blood pressure above 140 mmHg, hypertension, triglycerides above 200 mg/dL, proteinuria, and a CD4+ count below 200 cells/mcL would have a higher score and thus a higher risk of developing CKD within five years. Conversely, a younger individual with normal glucose levels, blood pressure, triglyceride levels, no proteinuria, and a higher CD4+ count would have a lower score and a lower risk.

The tool thus provides a quantitative measure of CKD risk in HIV-positive patients, aiding clinicians in making informed decisions about patient management, particularly in relation to the use of potentially nephrotoxic medications.

Prediction of CKD risk in HIV-positive patients