Screening and diagnosis

Classification and risk stratification

Perioperative care

Quality improvement

Patient education

Nonpharmacologic interventions

Therapeutic procedures

Respiratory support

Follow-up and surveillance

Specific circumstances

Preventative measures

Medical management

Surgical interventions

Inpatient care

Diagnostic procedures

Diagnostic investigations

Insufficient evidence to make a recommendation.

Strongly favor this test or intervention.

The Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) calculator helps estimate the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) over the next decade by evaluating responses to eight questions about health and lifestyle. Each answer corresponds to a specific score, reflecting its impact on diabetes risk.

Here's how the scoring system works:

1. Age:
   - Less than 45: 0 points
   - 45-54 years: 2 points
   - 55-64 years: 3 points
   - Over 64: 4 points

2. Body Mass Index (BMI):
   - Less than 25 kg/m²: 0 points
   - 25 to 30 kg/m²: 1 point
   - Over 30 kg/m²: 3 points

3. Waist Circumference:
   - Less than 94 cm for males and 80 cm for females: 0 points
   - 94-102 cm for males and 80-88 cm for females: 3 points
   - 102 cm or more for males and 88 cm or more for females: 4 points

4. Regular Use of Blood Pressure Medication:
   - Yes: 2 points
   - No: 0 points

5. History of High Blood Glucose:
   - Yes: 5 points
   - No: 0 points

6. Physical Activity Less Than 4 Hours per Week:
   - Yes: 2 points
   - No: 0 points

7. Daily Consumption of Vegetables, Fruits, or Berries:
   - Yes: 0 points
   - No: 1 point

8. Family History of Diabetes:
   - No family history: 0 points
   - Yes, second-degree relative: 3 points
   - Yes, first-degree relative: 5 points

The total score is the sum of all individual scores from these categories. The interpretation of the risk score is as follows:

- A score of 0-3 suggests a low risk, with a 10-year probability of developing T2DM being 0.3% for men and 0.1% for women.
- Scores between 4 and 8 indicate a slightly higher risk, with a 10-year probability of 0.8% for men and 0.4% for women.
- Scores from 9 to 12 show a moderate risk, correlating to a 10-year chance of 2.6% for men and 2.2% for women.
- Scores from 13 to 20 signify a high risk, translating to a 23.1% probability for men and 14.1% for women over 10 years.
- A score of 21 or greater points to a very high risk, with the 10-year probability exceeding 23.1% for men and 14.1% for women.

The Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) is a clinical calculator used to estimate an individual's risk of developing type 2 diabetes within the next 10 years. It is applicable to the general adult population, particularly those aged 35 to 64 years. The FINDRISC tool is useful in primary care settings for early identification of individuals at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes, enabling early intervention and prevention strategies. The calculator takes into account factors such as age, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, physical activity, daily consumption of fruits, berries or vegetables, history of high blood glucose, antihypertensive medication use, and family history of diabetes. It does not apply to individuals who have already been diagnosed with diabetes.

Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC)

The American Diabetes Association diabetes risk score calculator is a tool designed to estimate an individual's risk of developing diabetes by evaluating several personal and health-related factors. It works by collecting six inputs: age, gender, a family history of diabetes, presence of hypertension, level of physical activity, and body mass index (BMI). Each response is linked to a specific score, and the sum of these scores reflects the overall risk.

Here's how each category contributes to the score:

- **Age, years**:
  - Under 40 years: Score 0
  - Between 40 and 49 years: Score 1
  - Between 50 and 59 years: Score 2
  - 60 years and above: Score 3

- **Gender**:
  - Female without a history of gestational diabetes: Score 0
  - Female with a history of gestational diabetes: Score 1
  - Male: Score 1

- **1st degree relative with diabetes**:
  - Yes: Score 1
  - No: Score 0

- **Hypertension**:
  - Yes: Score 1
  - No: Score 0

- **Physically active**:
  - Yes: Score 0
  - No: Score 1

- **Body mass index (BMI), kg/m²**:
  - Less than 25: Score 0
  - Between 25 and 30: Score 1
  - Between 30 and 40: Score 2
  - 40 and above: Score 3

The scores from each of these categories are added together to get a total score, which can range from 0 to 10. This score is then interpreted in terms of diabetes risk:

- A total score of 5 or higher suggests that the individual has a high risk of developing diabetes.
- A score below 5 indicates that the risk is not considered high.

This system provides a simple method to approximate diabetes risk, based on key lifestyle and demographic factors.

The American Diabetes Association Diabetes Risk Score (ADA Score) is a clinical calculator used to assess the risk of developing type 2 diabetes in adults. This scoring system is based on several factors including age, gender, family history of diabetes, physical activity level, and body mass index (BMI). The ADA Score is particularly useful in primary care settings, where it can help identify individuals at high risk of developing diabetes and guide early intervention strategies. It is not applicable to individuals who have already been diagnosed with diabetes, and its accuracy may be limited in certain populations, such as those with certain ethnic backgrounds or rare forms of diabetes.

American Diabetes Association diabetes risk score (ADA score)

Diabetes mellitus type 2

Management of hypertension

Management of hypertension, BP targets

Patients with chronic coronary syndrome

Patients with chronic coronary syndrome, revascularization

Management of hospitalized patients

Management of hospitalized patients, non-insulin therapy

Management of hospitalized patients, glucose monitoring

Indications for screening

Indications for screening (specific conditions)

Management of hypertension, pharmacotherapy

Patients with male hypogonadism

Management of hypertension, lifestyle modifications

Pediatric patients

Pediatric patients (management of obesity)

Initial therapy

Initial therapy, treatment intensification

Management of diabetic nephropathy

Management of diabetic nephropathy, SGLT-2 inhibitors

Pediatric patients (transition to adult care)

Pediatric patients (screening for psychosocial factors)

Patients with heart failure

Patients with HF, general principles

Insulin therapy

Insulin therapy, delivery systems

Dietary modifications

Dietary modifications, eating patterns

Patients with acute coronary syndrome

Patients with acute coronary syndrome (revascularization)

Dietary modifications (alcohol)

Management of cardiovascular disease

Management of CVD, glucose-lowering medications

Screening for diabetic neuropathy

Pediatric patients (screening and diagnosis)

Screening for sleep disorders

Smoking cessation

Management of CVD, revascularization

Pregnant patients

Pregnant patients (prevention of preeclampsia)

Dietary modifications (nonnutritive sweeteners)

Insulin therapy, indications

Management of dyslipidemia

Management of dyslipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia

Management of hospitalized patients, treatment targets

Pregnant patients (management of preexisting diabetes)

Management of diabetic nephropathy, GLP-1 receptor agonists

Management of diabetic foot

Prevention of cardiovascular disease

Prevention of CVD (lipid-lowering therapy)

Screening for hypertension

Screening for disability

Management of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease

Management of MASLD (lifestyle changes)

Initial therapy, SGLT-2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists

Pediatric patients (glycemic goals)

Pediatric patients (screening for obstructive sleep apnea)

Initial therapy, treatment monitoring

Management of diabetic retinopathy

Indications for screening, general population

Screening for diabetic retinopathy

Pregnant patients (preconception care)

Patients with chronic coronary syndrome (pharmacotherapy)

As per ACC/ACCP/AHA/…/PCNA 2023 guidelines, 

Elderly patients

Elderly patients (residing in nursing facilities)

Dietary modifications (general principles)

Screening for peripheral artery disease

Screening for PAD

Management of dyslipidemia, statin therapy

Screening for disordered eating behavior

Continuous glucose monitoring

Diagnosis

Elderly patients (prevention of hypoglycemia)

Management of hospitalized patients (prevention of hypoglycemia)

Elderly patients (pharmacotherapy)

Psychosocial care

Management of hospitalized patients, insulin therapy

Management of diabetic nephropathy (laboratory follow-up)

Assessment for hyperglycemic crises

Screening for diabetic foot

Pregnant patients (postpartum care)

Screening for sexual dysfunction

Screening for sexual dysfunction, males

Management of dyslipidemia (lipid profile monitoring)

Screening for obesity

Management of diabetic nephropathy, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists

Screening for osteoporosis

Perioprative evaluation and management

As per ACC/ACS/AHA/…/SVM 2024 guidelines, 

Dietary modifications (micronutrients and supplements)

Patients with atrial fibrillation

Patients with AF

Insulin therapy, choice of agent

Screening for cognitive impairment

Screening for diabetic nephropathy

Hemoglobin A1C and blood glucose

HbA1c and blood glucose

Management of dyslipidemia, non-statin lipid-lowering therapy

Pediatric patients (screening for nephropathy)

Patients with chronic kidney disease

Patients with CKD

Elderly patients (treatment goals)

Bariatric surgery

Management of CVD (lipid-lowering therapy)

Dietary modifications (sodium)

Management of MASLD (glucose-lowering medications)

Screening for cardiovascular disease

Screening for CVD

Pediatric patients (screening for neuropathy)

Updated 2024 ADA guidelines for the diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus type 2


Updated 2024 ACP guidelines on the use of GLP-1 receptor agonists, SGLT-2 inhibitors, and DPP-4 inhibitors in adult patients with type 2 diabetes


Updated 2024 ESC guidelines for the management of hypertension in patients with diabetes mellitus


Updated 2024 Diabetes Canada guidelines for pharmacological management of type 2 diabetes


Updated 2025 ADA guidelines for the diagnosis and management of type 2 diabetes


Diabetes mellitus type 2

Guidelines

Key sources