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The DASH score calculator for recurrent VTE is a tool designed to assess the risk of venous thromboembolism recurrence. It informs decisions regarding the continuation or discontinuation of anticoagulation therapy. The calculator evaluates four clinical factors, each contributing to the overall score:

- **Abnormal D-dimer at 1 month after stopping anticoagulation**: If present, it adds 2 points to the score.
- **Age ≤ 50 years**: Being 50 years or younger adds 1 point to the score.
- **Male patient**: Being male adds 1 point to the score.
- **Hormone use at VTE onset (if female)**: For females who used hormones at the onset of VTE, 2 points are added.

The total score ranges from 0 to 6, determining the annual risk of VTE recurrence. The results guide treatment recommendations:

- Score of 0: Represents a 2.4% annual risk of recurrence, suggesting that discontinuing anticoagulation may be considered.
- Score of 1: Indicates a 3.9% annual risk, again suggesting the possibility of stopping anticoagulation.
- Score of 2: Associated with a 6.3% annual risk, where continuation of anticoagulation should be considered.
- Score of 3: Corresponds to a 10.8% annual risk, recommending that anticoagulation likely continue.
- Score of 4: Reflects a 19.9% annual risk, strongly suggesting continuing anticoagulation therapy.

These interpretations aid clinicians in tailoring anticoagulation strategies based on individual risk profiles.

The DASH score, or the "D-dimer, Age, Sex, Hormonal therapy" score, is a clinical calculator used to predict the risk of recurrent Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) in patients who have had a first unprovoked VTE. This scoring system is particularly useful in guiding clinicians on whether to continue or discontinue anticoagulation therapy in these patients. 

The DASH score takes into account four factors: D-dimer levels two months after stopping anticoagulation (2 points if positive), patient's age (1 point if less than 50 years old), sex (1 point if female), and hormonal therapy use at the time of the event (1 point if yes). 

Patients with a DASH score of 0 or 1 have a low risk of VTE recurrence and may be considered for discontinuation of anticoagulation, while those with a score of 2 or more have a higher risk and may benefit from continued anticoagulation. 

The DASH score should not be used in patients with provoked VTE, as it was not designed or validated for this population. It also may not be applicable in patients with cancer-associated VTE.

DASH score for recurrent VTE

This tool evaluates the necessity for hospital admission in patients with pulmonary embolism using the Hestia criteria. It processes 11 boolean input factors related to the patient's clinical status to produce a total score. Each positive response (true) contributes 1 point to the score, reflecting potential clinical concerns. A total score ranges from 0 to 11, indicating the overall risk level and guiding treatment decisions.

Computation involves assessing each of the following factors:
1. Hemodynamically unstable systolic blood pressure < 100 mmHg with heart rate > 100/need for ICU admission/by clinician judgment
2. Need for thrombolysis or embolectomy
3. Active bleeding or high risk for bleeding (e.g., GI bleeding, stroke, recent surgery, bleeding disorder, thrombocytopenia, uncontrolled hypertension)
4. Need for supplemental oxygen for > 24 hours to maintain SaO2 > 90%
5. Occurrence of pulmonary embolism during anticoagulant treatment
6. Severe pain requiring IV pain medication for > 24 hours
7. Medical or social reason for treatment in hospital for > 24 hours
8. Creatinine clearance < 30 mL/min (using Cockcroft-Gault formula)
9. Severe liver impairment
10. Pregnancy
11. Documented history of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia

Each factor is assessed, contributing 1 point per affirmative response. The sum of these points is the total score, determining the potential need for hospitalization as follows:

- A total score of 0 indicates low risk of venous thromboembolism recurrence, major bleeding, and mortality; outpatient treatment is advisable.
- A total score of 1 or more indicates high risk of venous thromboembolism recurrence, major bleeding, and mortality; hospital admission is recommended.

The output includes both the score and an interpretation based on the total score. The score quantifies potential complications related to pulmonary embolism requiring hospital-based management.

The Hestia Criteria is a clinical decision-making tool used to identify patients with pulmonary embolism who are suitable for outpatient treatment or early discharge. This calculator is applicable to patients diagnosed with acute pulmonary embolism. The clinical utility of the Hestia Criteria lies in its ability to reduce unnecessary hospital admissions, thereby decreasing healthcare costs and potential hospital-associated complications. 

The Hestia Criteria includes a list of 11 items, such as hemodynamic instability, need for supplemental oxygen, and social issues that prevent safe home treatment. If a patient meets any of these criteria, they are considered unsuitable for outpatient treatment. Therefore, the exclusion criteria for the use of the Hestia Criteria would be patients who are already deemed unsuitable for outpatient treatment due to severe comorbidities, social circumstances, or other factors.

Hestia criteria for pulmonary embolism treatment

The Pulmonary Embolism Rule-Out Criteria (PERC) calculator is designed to determine the likelihood of a pulmonary embolism (PE) based on specific clinical criteria. The calculator evaluates eight inputs, each representing a condition or risk factor associated with PE, assigning a score to responses and consequently interpreting the results to assess the likelihood of PE.

The inputs and their associated criteria are as follows:

- Age >= 50
- Heart rate >= 100
- SpO2 < 94%
- Unilateral leg swelling
- Hemoptysis
- Recent surgery within 4 weeks
- Prior pulmonary embolism or deep venous thrombosis
- Oral hormone use

Each criterion corresponds to a boolean input and contributes a score of 1 if true (indicating the presence of the condition or risk factor). The total possible score ranges from 0 to 8.

The computation process involves checking each criterion and adding a score of 1 for each true response. The final score is the sum of these contributions.

Interpretation of results is straightforward:

- If the total score is 0, it indicates that pulmonary embolism is unlikely.
- If the total score is 1 or higher, there is a likelihood of pulmonary embolism.

The Pulmonary Embolism Rule-out Criteria (PERC) is a clinical prediction rule used to exclude pulmonary embolism (PE) as a diagnosis in patients with low pretest probability. It is specifically designed for use in adult patients who are suspected of having a PE but are deemed to be at low risk based on clinical judgment. 

The PERC rule is a useful tool in the emergency department setting, as it helps to avoid unnecessary diagnostic testing, such as D-dimer testing or computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA), in patients who are unlikely to have a PE. 

The PERC rule should not be used in patients with a high pretest probability of PE, or in patients with signs of right ventricular strain or hypoxia. It is also not applicable to pregnant women or patients under the age of 18.

Pulmonary embolism rule-out criteria (PERC)

The Wells' criteria for pulmonary embolism calculator assesses the likelihood of a pulmonary embolism based on seven input factors, each contributing a specific score, which when summed, categorizes the risk level. These factors are: clinical signs and symptoms of deep venous thrombosis, previous history of pulmonary embolism or deep venous thrombosis, heart rate over 100 beats per minute, immobilization for 3 or more days or recent surgery within the past 4 weeks, if pulmonary embolism is as likely as or more likely than an alternative diagnosis, hemoptysis, and cancer or recent end of cancer treatment.

The inputs are boolean (yes/no) values for each criterion which correspond to predetermined scores:


| Factor                                                                           | Score |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------|
| Clinical signs and symptoms of deep venous thrombosis                            | 3     |
| Previous, objectively diagnosed pulmonary embolism or deep venous thrombosis     | 1.5   |
| Heart rate > 100                                                                 | 1.5   |
| Immobilization >= 3 days or surgery in the previous 4 weeks                      | 1.5   |
| Pulmonary embolism as likely as or more likely than an alternative diagnosis     | 3     |
| Hemoptysis (coughing up blood)                                                   | 1     |
| Cancer/palliative care/stopped treatment of cancer within 6 months               | 1     |


To calculate the total score, assess each input factor: if the input is true (yes), add its corresponding score to the total; if false (no), add zero. The sum of these scores determines the risk interpretation: 

- A total score of 2 or less implies a low risk of pulmonary embolism with a probability of 1.3%.
- A score between 2.5 and 6 suggests a moderate risk with a probability of 16.2%.
- A score greater than 6 indicates a high risk with a probability of 40.6%.

The outputs of this calculator include both the numerical score and its interpretation, providing an analysis of the risk level for pulmonary embolism based on the users' inputs. The systematic consideration of clinically relevant symptoms and history enhances the accuracy of predicting pulmonary embolism risk.

The Wells' Criteria for Pulmonary Embolism is a clinical prediction rule that stratifies patients with suspected pulmonary embolism (PE) into different risk categories. It is used in the emergency department or outpatient setting to determine the likelihood of PE in patients presenting with symptoms such as shortness of breath, chest pain, or unexplained cough. 

The Wells' Criteria includes factors such as clinical signs and symptoms of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), an alternative diagnosis less likely than a PE, heart rate over 100 beats per minute, immobilization or surgery in the previous four weeks, previous history of DVT or PE, hemoptysis, and malignancy. 

The score helps clinicians decide whether to proceed with further diagnostic testing, such as D-dimer testing or computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA). Patients are classified as having a low, moderate, or high probability of PE based on their total score.

The Wells' Criteria should not be used in patients with a clear alternative diagnosis, or in patients who have been on full anticoagulation for more than 48 hours. It is also not applicable in pregnant patients or in patients under the age of 18.

Wells' criteria for pulmonary embolism

The Bova score calculator for pulmonary embolism (PE) helps assess the risk of complications and mortality following a PE episode. Using this tool, clinicians evaluate four key clinical parameters. Here's a breakdown of how the scoring works:

Inputs include:
- **Systolic Blood Pressure (BP)**: Two categories are considered—greater than 100 mm Hg and between 90 to 100 mm Hg. A systolic BP less than 90 mm Hg excludes a patient from Bova scoring. For the score, "> 100 mm Hg" assigns 0 points, while "90-100 mm Hg" assigns 2 points.
  
- **Cardiac Troponin Levels**: This measures cardiac muscle damage. If levels are "Elevated," it contributes 2 points to the score; if "Normal," it adds 0 points.
  
- **Right Ventricular Dysfunction**: Assessed via echocardiogram or CT scan—options being "Yes" or "No". A finding of dysfunction ("Yes") scores 2 points, while its absence ("No") scores 0 points.
  
- **Heart Rate (Beats per Minute)**: Heart rate is classified as "< 110" or ">= 110". A rate under 110 receives 0 points, whereas a rate of 110 or more adds 1 point to the score.

The total Bova score is the sum of these individual scores, ranging from 0 to 7. This is then interpreted based on pre-defined risk categories:

- A score of 0-2 indicates a low risk, with a 4.4% chance of PE-related complications and a 3.1% risk of mortality.
- Scores between 3 and 4 suggest a moderate risk, where complications rise to 18%, and mortality risk increases to 6.8%.
- Scores from 5 to 7 denote a high risk, with a 42% likelihood of complications and a 10% risk of mortality.

This scoring procedure empowers healthcare providers to stratify risk levels efficiently in patients experiencing a PE, guiding clinical decision-making and management strategies.

The Bova Score is a clinical calculator used in the management of patients with acute pulmonary embolism (PE). It is specifically designed to stratify the risk of adverse outcomes in patients diagnosed with PE, including the risk of early death or complications within 30 days of diagnosis. The Bova Score takes into account factors such as age, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, and the presence of right ventricular dysfunction or myocardial injury. 

This scoring system is particularly useful in guiding treatment decisions, such as whether a patient requires hospitalization or can be managed as an outpatient, and whether more aggressive therapies are needed. 

The Bova Score is not applicable to patients without a confirmed diagnosis of PE, or those with chronic PE. It should also be used with caution in patients with other severe comorbidities that could independently increase their risk of adverse outcomes.

Bova score for pulmonary embolism

The Revised Geneva score for pulmonary embolism calculator evaluates eight inputs related to a patient's clinical history and symptoms, assigning a numerical score to each based on predefined criteria. The inputs include age, past medical history, recent surgeries, presence of malignancy, specific pain symptoms, hemoptysis, heart rate, and findings on limb examination. Each potential response to these inputs is assigned a score depending on its relevance to pulmonary embolism risk.

The scoring system is as follows:

- Age > 65 years: Yes = 1, No = 0
- Previous DVT or PE: Yes = 3, No = 0
- Surgery or fracture within 1 month: Yes = 2, No = 0
- Active malignant condition: Yes = 2, No = 0
- Unilateral lower limb pain: Yes = 3, No = 0
- Hemoptysis: Yes = 2, No = 0
- Heart rate: < 75 = 0, 75-94 = 3, >= 95 = 5
- Pain on lower limb palpation and unilateral edema: Yes = 4, No = 0

The calculator processes these inputs by summing the assigned scores, resulting in a total score ranging from 0 to 22. This total score is then used to interpret the risk of pulmonary embolism:

- A score of 3 or less indicates a 4-20% risk of pulmonary embolism.
- A score between 4 and 10 suggests a 25-40% risk.
- A score greater than 10 indicates a substantial risk, ranging from 50-91%.

The Revised Geneva Score is a clinical prediction rule for estimating the probability of pulmonary embolism (PE) in patients. This scoring system is used in the adult population presenting with symptoms suggestive of PE, such as shortness of breath, chest pain, or unexplained cough. 

The Revised Geneva Score is particularly useful in the emergency department or outpatient settings where PE is suspected. It helps clinicians decide whether further diagnostic testing (like CT pulmonary angiography) is needed. The score is based on various factors including age, previous history of DVT or PE, recent surgery or fracture, active malignancy, unilateral lower limb pain, hemoptysis, heart rate, and pain on lower limb deep venous palpation and unilateral edema.

There are no specific exclusion criteria for its use, but it should be noted that this score is less accurate in patients with certain conditions that can mimic the symptoms of PE, such as heart failure or pneumonia. It is also less reliable in pregnant women due to physiological changes that can affect the score parameters.

Revised Geneva score for pulmonary embolism

The Geneva Risk Score calculator is designed to evaluate the likelihood of developing venous thromboembolism (VTE) based on various patient conditions. Each of these conditions is assigned a specific score, which is summed to determine the overall risk.

Here's how the scoring system is structured:

- Conditions contributing 2 points each:
  - Cardiac failure
  - Respiratory failure
  - Recent stroke within the last 3 months
  - Recent myocardial infarction within the last 4 weeks
  - Acute infectious disease, including sepsis
  - Acute rheumatic disease
  - Active cancer
  - Myeloproliferative syndrome
  - Nephrotic syndrome
  - Prior venous thromboembolism
  - Known hypercoagulable state

- Conditions contributing 1 point each:
  - Immobilization for 3 or more days, indicating complete bed rest or inability to walk for more than 30 minutes per day
  - Recent travel lasting more than 6 hours
  - Age over 60 years
  - Obesity (body mass index over 30 kg/m²)
  - Chronic venous insufficiency
  - Pregnancy
  - Hormonal therapy (contraceptive or replacement therapy)
  - Dehydration

To compute the score, examine each condition listed above and add the corresponding points only for those conditions present in the patient. The sum of these points becomes the total score.

The interpretation of the total score is as follows:

- A total score of 2 or less suggests a low risk of venous thromboembolism, with an approximate risk of 0.6%.
- A total score of 3 or higher indicates a high risk of venous thromboembolism, estimated at 3.2%.

This tool aids in the assessment of VTE risk, helping healthcare providers make informed decisions based on the patient's health profile.

The Geneva Risk Score, also known as the Revised Geneva Score, is a clinical calculator used to estimate the pretest probability of pulmonary embolism (PE) in patients. This scoring system is applicable to patients who present with symptoms suggestive of PE, such as sudden onset of shortness of breath, chest pain, or unexplained cough with or without blood.

The Geneva Risk Score is clinically useful in stratifying patients into different risk categories (low, intermediate, high) based on various factors including age, previous history of DVT or PE, recent surgery or fracture, active malignancy, unilateral lower limb pain, hemoptysis, heart rate, and pain on lower limb deep venous palpation and unilateral edema. 

This risk stratification helps clinicians decide whether further diagnostic testing is necessary, and aids in the management of patients with suspected PE. It is particularly useful in the emergency department setting.

There are no specific exclusion criteria for the use of the Geneva Risk Score. However, it should be noted that this score is not intended to replace clinical judgment, and should be used in conjunction with other clinical findings and diagnostic tests.

Geneva Risk Score for venous thromboembolism

The Padua prediction score evaluates the risk of venous thromboembolism by considering a range of clinical and lifestyle factors. The user needs to answer questions about their medical history and current health conditions. Each positive response adds a specific number of points to their overall risk score, which is calculated as follows:

- Active cancer: 3 points
- Previous venous thrombosis (excluding superficial vein thrombosis): 3 points
- Reduced mobility: 3 points
- Already known thrombophilic condition: 3 points
- Recent trauma and/or surgery (within the last month): 2 points
- Age 70 years or older: 1 point
- Heart and/or respiratory failure: 1 point
- Acute myocardial infarction and/or ischemic stroke: 1 point
- Acute infection and/or rheumatologic disorder: 1 point
- Obesity (body mass index of 30 or more): 1 point
- Ongoing hormonal treatment: 1 point

To determine the total score, all the values from the responses are added up. The interpretation is straightforward:

- A score of 3 or below indicates a low risk of developing venous thromboembolism.
- A score of 4 or above signifies a high risk of venous thromboembolism.

This process helps clinicians assess risk levels quickly and decide on appropriate preventive measures.

The Padua Prediction Score for Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) is a clinical calculator used to assess the risk of developing VTE in hospitalized patients. This scoring system is particularly applicable to patients who are acutely ill and admitted to the hospital for medical conditions, rather than surgical procedures. 

The clinical utility of the Padua Prediction Score lies in its ability to stratify patients into low and high-risk categories for VTE, which includes both deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). This risk stratification can guide clinicians in deciding whether to initiate prophylactic anticoagulation therapy, thereby potentially preventing the occurrence of VTE.

The Padua Prediction Score should not be used in patients who are already on anticoagulation therapy, as this would alter the risk assessment. Additionally, it may not be applicable to patients admitted for surgical procedures, as the risk factors and prophylaxis strategies for VTE may differ in this population.

Padua prediction score for venous thromboembolism

The Simplified Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index (PESI) calculator evaluates the risk of 30-day mortality in individuals with a suspected pulmonary embolism. It requires six user inputs related to demographic and clinical factors, assigns scores to these inputs, and computes a total score and an interpretation based on the total score.

The calculator assigns points to each input based on predefined criteria:

- Age, years: "≤ 80" = 0, "> 80" = 1
- History of cancer: "Yes" = 1, "No" = 0
- History of chronic cardiopulmonary disease: "Yes" = 1, "No" = 0
- Heart rate, beats/minute: "< 110" = 0, "≥ 110" = 1
- Systolic blood pressure, mmHg: "≥ 100" = 0, "< 100" = 1
- Oxygen saturation: "≥ 90%" = 0, "< 90%" = 1

To calculate the score:

1. Collect responses for each input.
2. Convert each response into its associated score based on the criteria mentioned above.
3. Sum the scores from all inputs, resulting in a total score ranging from 0 to 6.

The interpretation based on this total score is as follows:

- A total score of 0 indicates a "Risk of 30-day mortality is low."
- A total score of 1 or more indicates a "Risk of 30-day mortality is high."

The Simplified Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index (sPESI) is a clinical calculator used in the management of patients diagnosed with acute pulmonary embolism. This scoring system is used to stratify patients into different risk categories based on their clinical characteristics and comorbidities. The sPESI score helps clinicians predict the 30-day mortality risk in patients with pulmonary embolism, which can guide treatment decisions such as hospitalization versus outpatient management.

The sPESI score is calculated based on six variables: age, history of cancer, history of chronic cardiopulmonary disease, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and oxygen saturation. Each variable is assigned a certain number of points, and the total score determines the patient's risk category.

The sPESI score is applicable to all adult patients diagnosed with acute pulmonary embolism. However, it may not be suitable for use in patients with chronic pulmonary embolism or in those with other severe comorbidities that could independently affect their prognosis.

Simplified pulmonary embolism severity index (PESI)

The PE-CH risk score evaluates the likelihood of intracranial hemorrhage after systemic thrombolysis based on four key medical criteria. This assessment uses straightforward yes/no inputs regarding a person's age and medical history, assigning scores to each criterion to obtain an overall risk score.

The inputs considered are:

- Is the person over 65 years old?
- Do they have peripheral vascular disease?
- Have they experienced a prior cerebrovascular accident?
- Have they had a prior myocardial infarction?

For the computation, responses are converted into numerical scores:

- Being over 65 years old contributes 1 point.
- Having peripheral vascular disease also adds 1 point.
- A history of cerebrovascular accidents significantly increases risk, adding 5 points.
- Prior myocardial infarction contributes 1 point.

These points are summed to produce a total score, which helps identify the risk level for intracranial hemorrhage during thrombolysis.

The interpretation of the score provides an understanding of the risk:

- A score of 0 suggests a 1.2% risk.
- A score of 1 indicates a risk of 1.9%.
- With a score of 2, the risk increases to 2.7%.
- A score of 3 implies a variable risk between 2.7% and 17.4%.
- Scores of 5 or higher indicate a 17.4% risk.

This systematic evaluation of inputs aids healthcare professionals in assessing individual risk profiles for patients considering systemic thrombolysis.

The PE-CH risk score, or Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index (PESI) and simplified PESI (sPESI), is a clinical calculator used in the management of patients with pulmonary embolism. This scoring system is used to stratify patients into different risk categories based on their clinical characteristics and comorbidities. 

The PE-CH risk score applies to patients who have been diagnosed with acute pulmonary embolism. The clinical utility of this calculator is to predict the 30-day mortality risk in these patients, which can guide clinicians in determining the appropriate level of care, such as outpatient treatment, hospitalization, or intensive care unit admission.

There are no specific exclusion criteria for the use of the PE-CH risk score. However, it should be noted that this score is less accurate in predicting mortality in patients with cancer, and it does not consider the size or location of the embolism, which can also influence patient outcomes.

PE-CH risk score

The Caprini score is a clinical tool designed to estimate an individual's risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE) based on various health criteria and personal history. The process involves evaluating responses from the patient and assigning scores to each, based on a predefined scale. The focus of this calculation is to identify potential risk factors through a comprehensive set of questions related to past medical and family history, current health status, and specific conditions.

The scoring system allocates points based on the following categories:

- **Age:**
  - <= 40: 0 points
  - 41-60: 1 point
  - 61-74: 2 points
  - >= 75: 3 points

- **Type of Surgery:**
  - None: 0 points
  - Minor: 1 point
  - Arthroscopic or major surgeries > 45 minutes: 2 points
  - Elective major lower extremity arthroplasty: 5 points

- **Varicose Veins:** Yes = 1 point, No = 0 points
- **Current Swollen Legs:** Yes = 1 point, No = 0 points
- **Current Central Venous Access:** Yes = 2 points, No = 0 points

- **History of DVT/PE and Other Thrombosis-Related Conditions:**
  - This includes family history of thrombosis, positive tests for various factors like Factor V Leiden, and congenital or acquired thrombophilia
  - Yes = 3 points, No = 0 points for each condition

- **Mobility:**
  - Normal, out of bed: 0 points
  - Medical patient currently at bed rest: 1 point
  - Patient confined to bed > 72 hours: 2 points

- **History of Inflammatory Bowel Disease:** Yes = 1 point, No = 0 points
- **Body Mass Index > 25:** Yes = 1 point, No = 0 points
- **History of Acute MI or COPD:** Yes = 1 point, No = 0 points for each condition
- **Present or Previous Malignancy:** Yes = 2 points, No = 0 points
- **Recent Events (< 1 month):** 
  - Prior major surgery, congestive heart failure, sepsis, serious lung disease: 1 point each
  - Immobilizing plaster cast: 2 points
  - Hip, pelvis, or leg fracture, stroke, multiple trauma, acute spinal cord injury: 5 points each

- **Female-Specific Questions:**
  - History of oral contraceptives or hormone replacement, history of unexplained stillbirths or other obstetric complications, pregnancy or postpartum status: Yes = 1 point, No = 0 points each

After responding to these inputs, the scores are summed up. The Caprini score aids healthcare providers in stratifying VTE risk and determines the need for preventive measures, interpreted as follows:

- **Scores <= 2:** Represent the lowest risk category with minimal VTE risk.
- **Scores of 3 to 4:** Indicate a moderate risk, with a VTE probability of 0.7%.
- **Scores of 5 to 6:** Place the individual in a high-risk category, with a 1.8% VTE risk.
- **Scores of 7 to 8:** Also categorized as high risk but with an increased VTE probability of 4.0%.
- **Scores >= 9:** Represent the highest risk category, with VTE risk peaking at 10.7%.

Understanding these scores helps clinicians make informed decisions regarding prophylaxis and management strategies to reduce the incidence of venous thromboembolism in high-risk patients.

The Caprini Score, also known as the Caprini Risk Assessment Model (RAM), is a clinical calculator used to assess the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in surgical patients. This scoring system is applicable to both inpatients and outpatients undergoing surgery, and it helps clinicians to stratify patients into different risk categories for VTE, which includes both deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). 

The clinical utility of the Caprini Score is to guide prophylactic interventions for VTE. Based on the patient's score, clinicians can decide whether to use mechanical prophylaxis, pharmacological prophylaxis, or both. 

There are no specific exclusion criteria for the use of the Caprini Score. However, it is important to note that this score is not intended to replace clinical judgment. It should be used as a tool to assist in decision-making and not as the sole determinant of a patient's management plan.

Caprini score for venous thromboembolism

The IMPROVE risk score is a tool used to estimate the risk of experiencing a venous thromboembolism (VTE) within three months. It evaluates seven specific clinical factors, assigning numerical values to each factor based on the user's responses. The total score, ranging from 0 to 12, correlates with a specific interpretation of VTE risk.

Here's how the scoring works:

- Previous venous thromboembolism:
  - Yes: 3 points
  - No: 0 points
- Known thrombophilia:
  - Yes: 2 points
  - No: 0 points
- Current lower-limb paralysis:
  - Yes: 2 points
  - No: 0 points
- History of cancer (within the past 5 years):
  - Yes: 2 points
  - No: 0 points
- Immobilized for 7 or more days (just before and during hospital admission):
  - Yes: 1 point
  - No: 0 points
- ICU or CCU stay:
  - Yes: 1 point
  - No: 0 points
- Age over 60 years:
  - Yes: 1 point
  - No: 0 points

By answering these questions, users accumulate a total score by summing the points for each condition that applies. This total score is then used to interpret the risk of VTE as follows:

- Score of 0: Indicates a 0.4% risk of a 3-month VTE.
- Score of 1: Indicates a 0.6% risk.
- Score of 2: Indicates a 1.0% risk.
- Score of 3: Indicates a 1.7% risk.
- Score of 4: Indicates a 2.9% risk.
- Scores from 5 to 10: Correspond to a 7.2% risk.
- Score above 10: Suggests a risk greater than 7.2%.

The calculator concludes by providing both the score and its associated risk interpretation, assisting users and healthcare professionals in understanding the potential for VTE based on individual health indicators and recent medical history.

The IMPROVE risk score is a clinical calculator used to assess the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in hospitalized medical patients. The acronym IMPROVE stands for International Medical Prevention Registry on Venous Thromboembolism. 

This risk score is specifically designed for adult patients who are hospitalized for medical illnesses, rather than surgical patients. It is used to identify patients at high risk of developing VTE, including deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), during their hospital stay. 

The IMPROVE risk score includes seven risk factors: previous VTE, known thrombophilia, lower limb paralysis, immobility, active cancer, ICU or CCU admission, and age over 60 years. Each factor is assigned a certain number of points, and the total score is used to estimate the patient's risk of VTE.

The clinical utility of this calculator is to guide prophylactic anticoagulation therapy decisions in hospitalized medical patients. Patients with a high IMPROVE score may benefit from prophylactic anticoagulation to prevent VTE.

There are no specific exclusion criteria for the use of the IMPROVE risk score. However, it should not be used in patients for

IMPROVE risk score for venous thromboembolism

The IMPROVEDD risk score calculator for venous thromboembolism (VTE) assesses the likelihood of developing VTE by examining several key risk factors. This process involves user inputs for specific medical conditions and demographic criteria, which are then translated into a numerical score reflecting VTE risk.

The calculator evaluates eight factors, each with assigned scores based on potential responses:

- Previous VTE:
  - Yes: 3 points
  - No: 0 points
- Known thrombophilia:
  - Yes: 2 points
  - No: 0 points
- Current lower-limb paralysis:
  - Yes: 2 points
  - No: 0 points
- Current cancer:
  - Yes: 2 points
  - No: 0 points
- Immobilized for 7 or more days:
  - Yes: 1 point
  - No: 0 points
- ICU/CCU stay:
  - Yes: 1 point
  - No: 0 points
- Age more than 60 years:
  - Yes: 1 point
  - No: 0 points
- D-dimer level at or above twice the upper normal limit:
  - Yes: 2 points
  - No: 0 points

To compute the total risk score, each selected response is converted to its corresponding numerical value. These values are added together to produce a cumulative score, which reflects the individual's collective risk factors.

The interpretation of the score points directly to the probability of VTE occurrence at 42 and 77 days:

- A score of 0 indicates a 0.4% risk at 42 days and 0.5% at 77 days.
- A score of 1 suggests a 0.6% risk at 42 days and 0.7% at 77 days.
- A score of 2 represents a 0.8% risk at 42 days and 1.0% at 77 days.
- A score of 3 corresponds to a 1.2% risk at 42 days and 1.4% at 77 days.
- A score of 4 indicates a 1.6% risk at 42 days and 1.9% at 77 days.
- Scores of 5 or more are associated with a 2.2% risk at 42 days and 2.7% at 77 days. 

These interpretations offer a clear perspective on the potential VTE risk tied to each patient's unique profile of risk factors.

The IMPROVEDD risk score is a clinical calculator used to assess the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in hospitalized medical patients. The acronym IMPROVEDD stands for eight variables used in the calculation: Immobility, Malignancy, Previous VTE, Rhythm other than sinus (atrial fibrillation), Obesity, already on Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis, Elderly (age >60 years), and D-dimer level. 

This risk score is particularly useful in stratifying patients' risk for VTE, which includes both deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). It helps clinicians decide on the need for prophylactic anticoagulation in hospitalized medical patients. 

The IMPROVEDD score is not applicable to patients who are already diagnosed with VTE, as it is a predictive tool for undiagnosed VTE. It is also not suitable for use in pediatric patients, pregnant women, or patients with contraindications to anticoagulation.

IMPROVEDD risk score for venous thromboembolism

The Wells' criteria for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) calculator assesses the likelihood of a patient having DVT based on several clinical factors. The calculator requires ten inputs from the user, each a response to a specific medical consideration, and assigns a numerical score to each response based on predetermined criteria.

The criteria and their corresponding scores are as follows:

| Criterion                                                                                                | Response Options | Score |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------|-------|
| Active cancer (treatment within the previous 6 months or current palliative care)                        | Yes / No         | 1 / 0 |
| Bedridden recently >= 3 days or major surgery within the previous 12 weeks                              | Yes / No         | 1 / 0 |
| Calf swelling > 3 cm compared to the asymptomatic side (measured 10 cm below tibial tuberosity)          | Yes / No         | 1 / 0 |
| Collateral superficial veins (non-varicose)                                                              | Yes / No         | 1 / 0 |
| Entire leg swelling                                                                                      | Yes / No         | 1 / 0 |
| Localized tenderness along the deep venous system                                                        | Yes / No         | 1 / 0 |
| Pitting edema confined to symptomatic leg                                                               | Yes / No         | 1 / 0 |
| Paralysis, paresis, or recent plaster immobilization of the lower extremity                              | Yes / No         | 1 / 0 |
| Previously documented DVT                                                                                | Yes / No         | 1 / 0 |
| Alternative diagnosis at least as likely as DVT                                                          | Yes / No         | 2 / 0 |

The computation process involves collecting responses for the above criteria, converting each response into its respective score using the defined scoring system, and then summing these scores to generate a total score. The total score serves as an indicator of the risk of DVT and its interpretation is given by:

- A score of 0 or less suggests a low risk of DVT.
- A score of 1 or 2 indicates a moderate risk of DVT.
- A score of 3 or more signifies a high risk of DVT.

The calculation returns both the total score and its interpretation to guide further clinical decision-making or diagnostic evaluation.

The Wells' Criteria for Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) is a clinical prediction rule used to determine the pretest probability of DVT in patients. This calculator is applicable to patients who present with symptoms suggestive of DVT, such as leg pain, swelling, or discoloration. 

The clinical utility of the Wells' Criteria for DVT is to stratify patients into different risk categories (low, moderate, high) based on their score, which can guide further diagnostic testing. A higher score indicates a higher probability of having DVT. This can help clinicians decide whether to proceed with further diagnostic imaging, such as an ultrasound or D-dimer test.

Exclusion criteria for the use of this calculator include patients who have already been diagnosed with DVT or pulmonary embolism, those who are currently on anticoagulation therapy, and those with other conditions that could mimic the symptoms of DVT, such as cellulitis or Baker's cyst.

Wells' criteria for deep vein thrombosis

The Khorana risk score calculator is a tool developed to estimate the short-term risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in cancer patients. This risk assessment is based on several clinical parameters, which are assigned specific points contributing to a total score. The elements considered in this scoring system include the type of cancer, blood parameters, and the patient's body mass index (BMI). The score ultimately helps clinicians determine whether a patient is at low, intermediate, or high risk of developing VTE over the next 2.5 months.

Here's how each component contributes to the score:

1. Cancer Type
   - Very high risk such as stomach or pancreas cancers: 2 points
   - High risk including lung, lymphoma, gynecologic, bladder, or testicular cancers: 1 point
   - Other cancers like breast, colorectal, prostate, etc.: 0 points

2. Pre-chemotherapy Platelet Count (≥ 350 × 10^9/L)
   - Yes: 1 point
   - No: 0 points

3. Hemoglobin Level (< 10 g/dL or using red blood cell growth factors)
   - Yes: 1 point
   - No: 0 points

4. Pre-chemotherapy White Blood Cell Count (> 11 × 10^9/L)
   - Yes: 1 point
   - No: 0 points

5. Body Mass Index (BMI ≥ 35 kg/m^2)
   - Yes: 1 point
   - No: 0 points

Each patient's responses to these criteria are given numerical values based on the above allocation. These values are then summed to produce a total score ranging from 0 to 6. This score quantifies the likelihood of a VTE event within 2.5 months.

The interpretation of the total score is crucial for guiding clinical decisions:

- A score of 0 suggests a low risk of VTE.
- Scores of 1 to 2 indicate an intermediate risk level.
- A score of 3 or higher signifies a high risk of venous thromboembolism.

This method allows healthcare providers to systematically assess and stratify the risk for VTE in cancer patients, potentially guiding preventive measures and treatment plans to manage this serious complication effectively.

The Khorana Risk Score is a clinical calculator used to predict the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients with cancer. This scoring system is specifically designed for cancer patients who are undergoing chemotherapy. The Khorana Risk Score helps clinicians to stratify patients into different risk categories for developing VTE, which includes both deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). This risk stratification can guide decisions about prophylactic anticoagulation therapy. The score is calculated based on five parameters: cancer site, platelet count, hemoglobin level, leukocyte count, and body mass index. Patients with active bleeding or those with a known risk of bleeding are typically excluded from using this calculator, as the benefits of prophylactic anticoagulation may not outweigh the risks in these individuals.

Pulmonary embolism

Guidelines

Key sources